第八章 The Industrial Revolution 工业革命
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in search of work， but France’s urban growth was modest relative to Britain’s. Only 14 percent of the French population inhabited cities of over 10，000 by 1851， compared to 39 percent of the British population. Slower rates of population and urban growth meant smaller domestic demand for industrial goods. The foreign market did little to increase this demand because France exported only 8 percent of its manufactured products until the 1840s. High protective tariffs until the 1860s reduced foreign competition that might have stimulated innovation. ??As in Britain， industrialization in France began in the textile industry. It then spread to heavy industry， especially iron， which beca