第八章 The Industrial Revolution 工业革命
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on. French mortality rates did decline–from 25.3 per 1,000 between 1816 and 1820 to 18.3 per 1,000 during the period from 1911 to 1913. However, the birthrate declined more–from 32.9 per 1,000 from 1816 to 1820 to 18.8 per 1,000 from 1911 to 1913, which was unusually low for Europe in this period. ??Part of the explanation for France’s low birthrate lies in the persistence of the peasantry,which grew in absolute size, although it declined as a fraction of the total population. Peasants were typically forced to limit family size because they earned only very modest incomes from cultivating small plots and working at a variety of low–paying jobs. Some peasants migrated to the cities