第十章 After world war II 战後的欧洲各国
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hope and self–reliance. ??By 1952 as the funding ended, the economy of every participant state had surpassed pre–war levels; for all Marshall Plan recipients, output in 1951 was at least 35% higher than in 1938. Over the next two decades, Western Europe enjoyed unprecedented growth and prosperity, but economists are not sure what proportion was due directly to the ERP, what proportion indirectly, and how much would have happened without it. The Marshall Plan was one of the first elements of European integration, as it erased trade barriers and set up institutions to coordinate the economy on a continental level–that is, it stimulated the total political reconstruction of Western Eur